Wyclif’s Latin works

De ecclesia, chapter 15, part 8

The shield and triple veil of the curia; the death of Gregory XI

Loserth pp. 356.17–359.4

¶1356.17–358.18

356Innuunt quidam quod habent potestatem ad hoc, quam potestatem vocant dominium, et cum illa immediate sit data a Christo qui dat singulis suis sacerdotibus affluenter, illa potestas est prior, principalior et extencior quam potestas iure hereditario carnali, conquestu vel titulo mundano seculari domino acquisita. Et ad hoc vadunt quotquot conclusiones quas false contra scripturam discipuli Antichristi innuunt ad perturbacionem regnorum et diminucionem religionis christiane, in tantum quod illi Antichristi discipuli sunt capitales inimici illis quibus videntur carnaliter affici, quia dyabolus et omnia membra sua, sicut in imitando sibi ipsis continue sese dampnificant, sic obsunt vere paci aliorum quibus videntur proficere. Allegant autem illud Apostoli Roman. VIII°, 32: Proprio filio suo non pepercit, sed pro nobis omnibus tradidit illum. Quomodo non cum ipso omnia nobis donavit? Et Iª Corinth. III°, 22 357Omnia vestra sunt, et Marci X°, 29, dicit Christus quod quicunque reliquerit mundum et carnem propter nomen suum, accipiet cencies tantum. Et in hoc mundo sacerdos (inquiunt) et specialiter religiosus habet ius quod est dominium ad toti mundo seculariter dominandum, et sic Christus docuit eos mundum relinquere, ut secularius conversentur. Sed quesito si layci relinquentes cuncta pro Christo erunt eis participes, si unus excludens alium facit sibi iniuriam, cum aliis que concernunt civile dominium, paciuntur angustias. Ideo defendunt unum capitaneum quem papam nominant sub cuius umbra infideliter sunt protecti. Et si obicitur quod curia Romana extinguit multos errores, dicitur quod de tanto est laudabilis et suis satrapis est parendum. Si autem vulpes parvule que demoliuntur particulares vineas habent inibi foveas in quibus convoluti criminibus callidius et constancius defendantur, quis dubitat quin nidus ille foret fons veneni ex cuius rivulis scateat toxica in fidelem ecclesiam militantem? Scutum autem et velamentum huius toxice videntur esse congregacio ista perversa et triplex velum quo mentes fidelium sunt cecate. Nam appellante pecunioso ad illam curiam, quid per mendacia, quid per mala exempla sceleris ibi capta et quid per tradiciones callidas tam de nostris quam de aliis inibi adinventas inductum est scutum infidelitatis ad membrum dyaboli contra regna et sanctam ecclesiam defendendam? Velum autem trimembre statuit inprimis principium quod non licet christiano dictum vel factum eorum discernere, cum sint dii subterranei quibus donata est potestas clavium par cum Christo, qui possunt scripturam sacram statuere, 358corrigere et mutare, et cum solum convincerentur ex scriptura sacra et factis propriis, patet quod non restat in eos medium accusandi. Secunda pars veli consequenter adicit quod subdi illis tamquam capiti sancte matris ecclesie quomodocunque vixerint est cuilibet christiano de necessitate salutis, et per consequens implere quidquid preceperint, cum non stat (ut inquiunt) quod eorum aliquis sit dampnandus. Tercia pars veli dyaboli est ficta plenitudo potestatis qua exterrent mundum cum pretensa legacione et excommunicacione sic quod, si quidquam decreverint in altera ecclesia faciendum, eo ipso oportet ut fiat; et quia reservarunt sibi cum istis armis potestatem conferendi beneficia ecclesie et superiores ac graviores persone ecclesie extere appetunt symoniace fastum et commodum temporale, ideo propter multitudinem, propter famam et propter terrorem istorum satellitum exterriti sunt pauci simplices dicere veritatem.

Some hint that they have power for this, which power they call lordshipdominium: lordship, and since it is given immediately by Christ, who gives to each of his priests abundantly, that power is prior, more principal and more extensive than the power acquired by a secular lord by carnal hereditary right, by conquest or by worldly titletitulus: title. And to this tend all the conclusions which the disciples of Antichrist, falsely, against scripture, hint at, to the disturbance of kingdoms and the diminution of the Christian religion, insomuch that those disciples of Antichrist are the chief enemies of those to whom they seem carnally attached, because the devil and all his membersmembrum: member, just as in imitating [him] they continually harm themselves, so they hurt the true peace of others whom they seem to profit.1 And they allegeallegare / allegacio: allege / allegation that [saying] of the Apostle, Romans 8:32: "His own Son he spared not, but delivered him up for us all. How hath he not with him given us all things?"2 And 1 Corinthians 3:22: 357"All things are yours"; and in Mark 10:29 Christ says that whoever has left the world and the flesh for his name will receive a hundred times as much.3 And in this world, they say, the priest, and especially the religiousreligiosi: the religious, has the rightius: right / law which is lordship, to exercise lordship over the whole world in secular fashion; and so Christ taught them to leave the world, that they might live more secularly. But when it is asked whether lay people who leave all things for Christ will be partakers with them, whether one who excludes another does him injury, with other things that concern civil lordship, they are in straits. Therefore they defend one captaincapitaneus: captain whom they name pope, under whose shadow they are faithlessly protected. And if it is objectedinstatur; obicitur: it is objected that the Roman curiacuria romana: the Roman curia extinguishes many errors, the answer is that in so far it is praiseworthy, and [in so far] its satrapssatrapa: satrap are to be obeyed. But if the little foxes that destroy particular vineyards have there holes in which, wrapped in crimes, they are defended more cunningly and more steadily, who doubts that that nest would be a fountain of poison from whose streams venom gushes into the faithful church militantecclesia militans / triumphans / dormiens: the church militant / triumphant / sleeping?4 And the shield and covering of this venom seem to be that perverse congregation and the triple veil by which the minds of the faithful are blinded. For when a moneyed man appeals to that curia, what with lies, what with the evil examples of crime taken up there, and what with the cunning traditions devised there both by our people and by others, a shield of unbeliefinfidelitas: heathenism, unbelief has been brought in to defend the member of the devil against kingdoms and holy church.5 And the threefold veil establishes first the principle that it is not lawful for a Christian to judge their word or deed, since they are gods beneath the earth, to whom is given the power of the keys equal with Christ, who can establish holy scripture, 358correct and change it;6 and since they could be convicted only from holy scripture and their own deeds, it is clear that no means of accusing them remains. The second part of the veil consequently adds that to be subject to them as the head of holy mother church, however they have lived, is for every Christian of necessity of salvation,7 and consequently to fulfil whatever they have commanded, since it is not possible (as they say) that any of them should be damned. The third part of the devil’s veil is the feigned plenitude of powerplenitudo potestatis: plenitude of power, by which they terrify the world with pretended legation and excommunication, so that, if they have decreed anything to be done in another church, by that very fact it must be done; and because with these arms they have reserved to themselves the power of conferring the benefices of the church, and the higher and weightier persons of the church abroad simoniacally covet pomp and temporal advantage, therefore, because of the multitude, because of the reputation and because of the terror of these satellites, the few simple men are frightened from speaking the truth.8

¶2358.19–359.4

358Sed benedictus sponsus ecclesie qui occidit Gregorium XI. et dispersit suos complices quorum scelera per Urbanum VI. ecclesie sunt detecta, et qualitas veneni ex divisione eorum est quodammodo mitigata. Et utinam placeret sponso ecclesie perficere quod quidam prenosticant et alii imprecantur, scilicet quod numerus undenarius infamis et sterilis, prevaricans in totum decalogum, imponat finem numero pseudoprepositorum dicencium: Hereditate, civilitate et gladio possideamus Dei sanctuarium et Christi patrimonium. Ipse, inquiunt, crucifixus est ligno et apostolus mundo, ut nos occidamus gladio et nobis rebelles crucifigamus in patibulo, quia quam necessaria, inquiunt, fuit in primitiva ecclesia potestas faciendi miracula, tam necessaria est hodie potestas corporalis acquirendi et defendendi temporalia. Scimus tamen quod una potestas infinitum excedit aliam, et quod vita exproprietaria est vita seculari perfeccior et quod tam necessaria erant temporalia clero in primitiva 359ecclesia sicut modo et quod necessarior foret modo eorum subtraccio et suspensio rapine bonorum cum gaudio, quam tunc fuit, nec est illa ficta defensio fundabilis ex scriptura sacra.

But blessed be the bridegroomsponsa / sponsus: bride / bridegroom of the church, who killed Gregory XI and scattered his accomplices, whose crimes have been laid bare to the church by Urban VI, and the quality of the poison has been somewhat mitigated by their division.9 And would that it pleased the bridegroom of the church to accomplish what some foretell and others pray for: namely that the number eleven, infamous and sterile, transgressing the whole decalogue,10 should put an end to the number of false superiors who say: "Let us possess by inheritance, civil standingcivilitas: civil standing and sword the sanctuary of God and the patrimony of Christ."11 He, they say, was crucified on the wood, and the apostle to the world,12 that we might kill with the sword and crucify on the gibbet those who rebel against us; because, they say, as necessary as was the power of working miracles in the primitive church, so necessary today is the bodily power of acquiring and defending temporal goodstemporalia: temporal goods. Yet we know that the one power infinitely exceeds the other, and that the propertylessexproprietarii / exproprietarie: the propertyless / without property life is more perfect than the secular life, and that temporal goods were as necessary to the clergy in the primitive 359church as now, and that their withdrawal, and the suspensionsuspendere; suspencio: to suspend; suspension of the plunder of goods with joy, would be more necessary now than it was then;13 nor is that feigned defence founded on holy scripture.14

Notes

  1. 1 Sicut in imitando sibi ipsis continue sese dampnificant: the object of imitando is not expressed; read as the members imitating the devil. Alternatively "in imitating one another".
  2. 2 Rom. 8:32. Wyclif departs from the Vulgate (Qui etiam proprio Filio suo non pepercit … quomodo non etiam cum illo omnia nobis donavit?; DR "He that spared not even his own Son …"), so his Latin is translated.
  3. 3 1 Cor. 3:22 (DR "For all things are yours"); Mark 10:29–30 in paraphrase (DR "an hundred times as much").
  4. 4 Cant. 2:15 (DR "the little foxes that destroy the vines") joined to Matt. 8:20 (DR "The foxes have holes"). Toxica … scateat: a neuter plural with a singular verb.
  5. 5 Quid per … quid per … et quid per … inductum est scutum: read as the medieval "what with … what with", the clause then a statement; the print closes it with a question mark.
  6. 6 Dii subterranei: literally "gods beneath the earth", the term for the gods of the underworld; the barb is kept. The relative qui possunt refers to them, not to Christ.
  7. 7 De necessitate salutis echoes Boniface VIII, Unam sanctam (Extrav. comm. 1.8.1, form ours; Friedberg II, 1246), whose last sentence makes subjection to the Roman pontiff omnino … de necessitate salutis.
  8. 8 Persone ecclesie extere: extere is taken as "foreign", the churches abroad from Rome. Exterriti sunt pauci simplices dicere veritatem: dicere read as the infinitive of what they are frightened from; alternatively "few simple men, terrified, tell the truth".
  9. 9 Gregory XI died on 27 March 1378; Urban VI’s breach with the cardinals followed, and the Schism.
  10. 10 The number eleven as "transgressing" the ten of the decalogue, after Augustine, De civitate Dei 15.20. The barb is on Gregory XI.
  11. 11 Ps. 82:13 (DR "Let us possess the sanctuary of God for an inheritance"), expanded by civilitate et gladio and Christi patrimonium.
  12. 12 Gal. 6:14 (DR "the world is crucified to me, and I to the world").
  13. 13 At 359.2 B reads suscepcio for suspensio: "the acceptance of the plundering of goods with joy", after Heb. 10:34 (DR "took with joy the being stripped of your own goods"). The print construes and is translated.
  14. 14 After scriptura sacra (359.4) A adds a gloss in Czech, Lecz na kawczye horze v Prahy est fundata newyem, which Loserth renders "Whether it is founded on the hill at Prague, I know not" (editor).
How the Latin of this chapter was established
  • Plate readings; page · reading · note):
    • 356: illi
    • 356: Corinth
    • 356: III°
    • 357: Christus
    • 357: toxice [NW]
    • 357: factum
    • 358: vixerint [NW]
    • 358: Gre- (first half of Gre-/gorium (gorium is pos 136); Z is the alinea letter)
    • 358: gorium (second half of Gre-/gorium) [NW]
    • 357: ∅ (second half of infideli-tatis; neighbour 197 already infidelitatis) [DELX]