Glossary

One Latin term, one English rendering, throughout. Wyclif’s arguments turn on his words coming back, so the translation keeps them recognisable. In the text, a dotted underline marks a glossary term; hover over it or focus it to see the Latin.

The church

ecclesia

churchLower-case in English except in a proper title.

ecclesia militans / triumphans / dormiens

the church militant / triumphant / sleepingDormiens = the souls in purgatory. Not "dormant".

pars peregrinans; peregrinari

the pilgrim part; to be a pilgrimAugustine's peregrinatio (Ench. 56).

predestinatus, -i

the predestinate (sg. "a predestinate [person]")Never "the elect", which is electi and gets "the elect".

prescitus, -i

the foreknown⭐ Wyclif's technical term for those God foreknows will be damned. It is not "the reprobate" (reprobi → "the reprobate"). Explain it in a note at its first occurrence in each work. The English word misleads on its own and Penn explains it only once (T. p. 361 n. 12).

presciencia

foreknowledge

viator

wayfarerOne still on the road, not yet in the homeland. Loserth: "a traveller on earth".

viare; vians

to be a wayfarer; [one] on the wayThe verb of viator; tag g:viator. (8 sites).

via / patria

the way / the homelandBeatitudo patrie → "the blessedness of the homeland". The earthly sense (one's native country) is also "homeland"; a note where it matters (Dial. 54.2).

sponsa / sponsus

bride / bridegroom

corpus Christi misticum

the mystical body of Christ

mater nostra

our motherChurch as mother is the governing figure of De ecclesia I.

symbolum

creedUtrumque simbolum = both creeds, Apostles' and Nicene (T. p. 368).

fides formata / informis

formed faith / unformed faithFaith formed by charity.

fides explicita / implicita

explicit faith / implicit faithThe scholastic pair (Dial. 28.16–17)..

articulus fidei

article of faith (4 sites).

infidelis

unbeliever; with a dative, faithless (to)Two senses by construction. Pairs with infidelitas, unbelief. (10 sites).

apocrifa; apocrifus

apocrypha; apocryphalWyclif applies it to the saints' chronicles as well as to books outside the canon. (6 sites).

sacerdotes vulgares

common priestsThe adjective; kept apart from vulgares, "the common people". (2 sites).

neophitus

novice1 Tim. 3:6..

Christicole

worshippers of Christ.

caritas

charity⛔ Never "love". Amor and dilectio → "love". The argument often turns on charity as the Holy Spirit (Lombard, Sent. I d.17).

suffragia

suffragesThe prayers and good works shared out by the church or an order. (11 sites).

suffragari

to aid by intercessionThe verb of suffragia. (2 sites).

litere fraternitatum

letters of fraternityFriars' letters admitting a benefactor to the order's suffrages. (4 sites).

canonizare

canonizeThe same English whether pope or scripture canonizes (Dial. 20.31, 21.1). (6 sites).

Lordship, law, office

dominium

lordshipNot "dominion". Titles: De civili dominio → On Civil Lordship; De dominio divino → On Divine Lordship.

dominus; dominari

lord; to exercise lordship / to lord itPick by context (neutral vs. pejorative) and note the pejorative.

dominium civile / naturale / evangelicum

civil / natural / evangelical lordship

regnum

kingdomEvery sense: the political state as well as the kingdom of God and scripture's kingdoms. Not "realm". Wilson, (27 sites).

dominacio

exercise of lordshipKept apart from dominium. (6 sites).

ordinacio; ordinancia

ordinance; of the sacrament, ordinationTwo senses by referent (not CONTEXTUAL): the sacrament (clericorum ordinacio, Dial. 50.21) is "ordination"; everywhere else "ordinance". (22 sites).

consuetudo

custom (28 sites).

autorizare

authorize (6 sites).

familia

householdA great man's retinue..

magnates

magnates.

capitalis dominus; tenere de

chief lord; to hold ofFeudal tenure language, kept literal: the lords "hold of Christ as chief lord".

titulus

titleAs in title to property.

servicium

servicePair with dominium (T. p. 363 n. 19 on the definitions). Liturgical servicia ecclesie, "services of the church", is untagged..

ius

right / law⚠ Two senses (subjective right vs. body of law). The chunk's note picks one wherever it matters.

lex dei / lex Christi / lex evangelica

God's law / the law of Christ / the gospel law

vicarius deitatis / vicarius humanitatis Christi

vicar of the Godhead / vicar of Christ's humanityKing and priest respectively (Dial. 2.14–16; Off. reg. 13, 137).

deitas / divinitas

the Godhead / divinityKept distinct; B reads divinitatis at Dial. 2.13.

potencia regulata racione

power regulated by reason

elemosina

alms

elemosinare; elemosinatus

to give alms to; almsmanThe almsman is the beneficiary of an endowment. (2 sites).

manus mortua

the dead handMortmain; kept literal because Truth's pun turns on it (Dial. 60.18, 61.14–17). (3 sites).

ditare

to enrichKept apart from dotare, endow. (21 sites).

appropriare; appropriacio

to appropriate; appropriationCanon law: a parish church annexed to a college or house. (4 sites).

affeccio proprietaria

proprietary affection.

decime; pars decima

tithes; the tenth part

dotacio

endowment

temporalia

temporal goods

prelatus

prelate

curatus

curateIn the old sense: a priest with the cure of souls. Note at first occurrence per work.

sacerdos / presbiter

priest / presbyter⚠ Kept distinct: Wyclif's argument on orders needs the difference visible.

clerus; clericus

the clergy; cleric

clerus cesareus

the caesarean clergyWyclif's term for clergy in secular office.

temporales domini

temporal lordsKept apart from mundani domini, worldly lords. (22 sites).

brachium seculare

the secular arm (7 sites).

milicia; milites

knighthood; knightsThe second estate; Pollard's word.. Milites Christi / antichristi (the Pauline figure, 2 Tim. 2:3 DR "good soldier of Christ Jesus") → "soldiers"; the estate stays "knights"..

coactivus; cohercere, cohersitivus

coactive; coerce, coerciveKept apart: potencia coactiva "coactive power" (the ruler's), cohercere "coerce"..

laboratores

labourersThe third estate..

tercia pars ecclesie

the third part of the churchThe commons (Dial. 85.15, 85.22)..

prepositi

superiorsHeads of houses; kept apart from prelatus..

ius patronatus

right of patronage.

prescripcio

prescriptionThe legal title by long use..

sacramentalia

sacramentals.

secularitas

worldlinessKept apart from secularis, a secular..

simonia

simony (3 sites).

beneficium ecclesiasticum

ecclesiastical benefice.

patronus

patronOf a benefice. (13 sites).

procurator; procuratrix

proctorPollard's word..

gleba

glebe (12 sites).

mortificacio

amortizationLand put into mortmain; with manus mortua. (2 sites).

legalitas

legal standing.

castra caynitica

Caim's castlesThe friars' houses; the Wycliffite English name (CAIM = the four mendicant orders' initials)..

commutacio; commutare

exchange; to exchangeThe argument on true and false trade turns on it (Dial. cap. 33). (8 sites).

secularis (noun)

a secularEnglish keeps Latin's range (secular cleric or layman); a C note where the referent matters. (80 sites, secular-).

censura

censure (4 sites).

citare; citacio

to cite; citationSummons to a church court. (12 sites).

suspendere; suspencio

to suspend; suspensionNote the pun on hanging where live (Dial. 57.10–16)..

graduacio; graduati

graduation; graduatesAcademic. (4 sites).

prelatus / sacerdos cesarius

caesarean prelate / priestExtends clerus cesareus. (22 sites, cesar-).

papa

pope (34 sites).

indulgencie

indulgences (7 sites).

oratores

bedesmenThose bound or paid to pray for a benefactor; Pollard's side-note word. Not "those who pray". (5 sites).

pencio annua

yearly pension (3 sites).

commercium; commercari

trade; to trade (21 sites).

conducentes

those who hire them.

episcopus; dominus episcopus

bishop; the lord bishopDominis episcopis → "the lord bishops". The courtesy is his, possibly barbed; don't sharpen it.

religio privata; secta

private religion; sectHis name for the religious orders. Keep "sect".

religiosi

the religiousMembers of the orders. (8 sites).

claustrales

cloisterers (20 sites).

doctrina

doctrineKept apart from sentencia, teaching. (12 sites).

thema

themeThe scripture text of a sermon. (2 sites).

frater

friar (of the mendicants) / brotherBy context.

possessionati

the possessionersEndowed religious.

satrapa

satrapDerogatory: church-court officials wielding delegated power (T. p. 378 n. 58). Keep the word; note it at first occurrence per work.

vulgares

the common peopleThe third estate. Not "the vulgar".

iconomus (= oeconomus)

householderDial. 2.21., with a note.

protestacio; protestari

declaration; to declare solemnly⭐ The submission formula ("if anyone can teach me this is contrary to scripture or reason, I will humbly retract"). Penn and Lahey both inverted it (T. pp. 369, 378). Render it as a retraction offer, never as defiance.

lex gracie

the law of graceThe new law, opposed to lex vetus. (Dial. 10.3; 7 sites).

curia romana

the Roman curia (Dial. 7.8; 5 sites).

heretica pravitas

heretical depravityThe heresy courts' formula; keep it recognisable. (Dial. 7.5, 7.8).

Logic, disputation, metaphysics

quiditas

quiddityKept. Explain at first use per work ("what a thing is").

inconveniencia; inconveniens

CONTEXTUAL: an absurdity (in argument) · troubles, ill consequences (in affairs)One word for what does not fit: the absurd consequence of a premiss, and the disorder that follows from an act. Dikaiosune rule: English by context, C note at first occurrence in each chunk and wherever it leans the other way (Dial. 22.16 troubles; 23.2, 23.16 absurdities). (3 sites).

opinio

opinionOpposed to fides throughout (Dial. 20.24–31). (11 sites).

credulitas

credenceWith credere, believe (Dial. 23.17–24.4)..

argumentum topicum

topical argumentMerely probable, not demonstrative. (4 sites).

medium inductivum

a middle term that leads on (Dial. 25.5).

ars obligacionis

the art of obligationThe disputation genre de obligationibus. (2 sites).

assumptum

the assumptionThe premiss taken for the argument. (3 sites).

sentenciare

to pronounceThe verb of sentencia. (2 sites).

predicamentum

categoryThe Aristotelian category; never "predicament" (Dial. 92.1: the standard member of a category)..

sequela

what follows.

practizare

to put into practice (4 sites). With contra + person, "practise against" (plot), Dial. ch. 17..

sophisticare (transitive)

to counterfeitKept apart from sophisticari, to play the sophist..

respectus; respectivus

relation; relational.

racio (against substancia)

aspectThis technical sense only; racio elsewhere by context..

locus a simili

the topic from likenessWyclif's jibe a simiali similitudine: "from apish likeness". (6 sites).

sinderisis

synderesis.

fallacia

fallacy.

sophisticari

to play the sophist (6 sites).

insinuativus

impliedPaired with expressus, express..

occasionaliter

by occasionOccasion, not cause..

quid nominis

what the name meansNot "the name" (T. p. 365).

differencia

difference (logical differentia)

subiectum / passio

subject / attributePassio in the Posterior Analytics sense (a proper attribute), never "passion".

dicitur multipliciter

is said in many waysAristotle's pollachōs legetai.

sumitur pro

is taken forSupposition language.

famosior

best-known [sense]

simpliciter / secundum quid

without qualification / in a certain respect⛔ Always opposable. Never "simply", "wholly", "directly", "naturally" etc. (T. p. 364).

necessitas supposicionis

necessity of suppositionConditional necessity.

de congruo / de condigno

by congruity / by condignity

contingens ad utrumlibet

contingent either wayT. p. 364.

consequencia

inference⛔ Not "consequence" (T. p. 361 n. 13).

consequens / antecedens

consequent / antecedent

sequitur

it followsIntroduces a stated inference, often quoted in the next words. Not tagged where it is not an inference ("the third law follows", Dial. ch. 5)..

propositio copulativa / disiunctiva

conjunction / disjunctionNot "copulative proposition" (T. p. 365).

claudit contradictionem / contradictorium

it implies a contradictionStronger than "is against reason". Keep the escalation visible.

instancia; objectum

objection⛔ Not "instance" (T. p. 373).

tollere (instanciam, argumentum)

to dispose of, demolishT. p. 373.

redarguere

to refuteT. p. 365.

proponere

to proposeAgainst postponere (put after), "put forward" may keep the pair visible, with a note (Dial. 74.25–26).

concludere

to infer"Conclude" only when a conclusion is literally drawn (T. p. 365).

descripcio

definitionNot "description" (T. p. 363).

glosare

to glossInterpret so as to remove the difficulty (T. p. 366).

argucie; argucia

stratagems, quibbles; a quibbleT. p. 367.

sophisma

sophismA proposition that can apparently be proved and disproved (T. p. 360 n. 10).

successivum / permanens

successive entity / permanent entityT. p. 368 n. 31.

ens / esse / essencia

a being / being (existence) / essence⚠ Esse is ambiguous; note when it matters.

universale; ydea

universal; idea

ampliacio

ampliationLogical term (T. p. 364 n. 23).

metaphisica

metaphysicsInter omnes metaphisicas → "among all the metaphysics": he counts the doctrine of the church as one (T. p. 368).

philosophia sermocinalis / realis

the philosophy of language / the philosophy of realityT. pp. 364–5.

liberum arbitrium

free choiceThe scholastic term, not "free will" (voluntas). (Dial. 4.15).

ex fide

as faith teaches; with a genitive, from the faith of [scripture]"It is of faith", on scripture's authority. Ex fide scripture / duplicis testamenti → "from the faith of scripture / of the twofold testament". after a census (30 sites in the Dialogus). An adjective works like the genitive: ex fide catholica → "from the catholic faith". Not the formula when a verb or participle governs ex (racio capta ex fide → "reason drawn from faith", epil-a)..

citra fidem

short of faithThe contrast with ex fide: held on evidence, not as faith teaches. (4 sites).

sentencia

teachingThe position taught, incl. Falsehood's (tua sentencia, "your teaching"). Not "sentence". (51 sites in the Dialogus).

evidencia

evidence"Proof" only where it names a demonstration, with a note. (41 sites).

repplicacio; repplicare

rejoinder; to rejoin · of a grant, renewalTwo senses by referent: the disputation move / the re-grant of a charter or privilege (Dial. 70.24).

concessio

grantOf property or privilege. (5 sites).

exproprietarii

the propertylessThe friars who profess to own nothing. (6 sites).

reditus

revenue(s) (23 sites). Exception: Dial. 18 (ch. 9 n5), reditus = the clergy's "return" (to wealth), on revertatur 15.9 / redire 15.21; the note gives "revenue" as the alternative..

False friends and ordinary words that mislead

sensibilis

perceptible"sensible" (T. p. 362)

insensibilis

imperceptible; of a thing that cannot feel, without sensationTwo senses by referent: what cannot be perceived / what cannot perceive (lapis insensibilis, Dial. 56.3). Kept visibly paired with sensibilis. (3 sites).

zizania

cockleDouay–Rheims (Matt. 13:25)..

cautela

wileNot "caution"; cautela diaboli, the devil's wile. (8 sites).

apostema

abscessA recurring medical figure. (3 sites).

illabi

to flow into.

sub divo

in the open airThe refrain of cap. 21. (10 sites).

vecors; vecorditer; vecordia

faint-hearted; faint-heartedly; faint-heartednessThe medieval sense, not classical "senseless". (5 sites).

affectare

to desireKept apart from affeccio, affection. (3 sites).

ingratus

displeasing (to God)Ingratus deo: unpleasing to God. "Ungrateful" only where a person is ungrateful to someone. (5 sites).

perplexus

perplexedThe moral-theology sense: bound to sin whichever way one turns..

cataracta

trapdoor"Floodgate" in a C note where the Genesis image is live..

globus

bandDerogatory collective (globus reprobus, globos claustralium). (2 sites).

solvere (oaths, charters)

to dissolveNot "pay" in this use..

cohabitacio

joint dwelling.

idiota

unlearned manNot "idiot"..

deacceptus

disowned.

monita

admonitions.

indebitare se

to make oneself a debtorSense doubtful; C note (Dial. 85.15)..

discoli

frowardDouay–Rheims (1 Pet. 2:18)..

magisterium

rule; of teaching, the teaching officeProvisional; by context, C note (Dial. 83.15)..

subtiliare

to lightenProvisional; the sense (lighten rents / refine) is doubtful; C note (Dial. 67.19, 68.11)..

infidelitas

heathenism, unbelief"infidelity" (T. p. 362)

sciolus

knowing, wise"smatterer" (the classical sense). Neutral in Wyclif.

philocaptus

besotted"philo-captive" (T. p. 363)

hictericus

jaundiced"hysterical" (T. p. 366)

impresenciarum

nowadays, at present(T. p. 366)

ut plurimum

for the most part"to the highest degree" (T. p. 366)

inhabilis

unqualified (to hold office)"unwieldy" (T. p. 366)

detegere

to expose"wipe away" (T. p. 366)

ignorare

to be ignorant of"ignore" (T. p. 366)

disciplinabilis

teachable"impressionable" (T. p. 366)

laude digni

worthy of praise(T. p. 366)

arguitur per

it is argued by appeal to"X raises objections" (T. p. 366)

autonomatice / antonomastice

by antonomasia (pre-eminently)

in necessitatis articulo

at the point of need

processus (of a book)

the course, the argument

recencius

more freshly

mulier aliena

strange womanProverbs' figure.

mulier fortis

valiant womanDR Prov. 31:10.

indispositus; (se) indisponere

unfit; to make (oneself) unfit"indisposed" (now "unwell"). (8 sites).

limitare; limites

to assign (an office); limits"to limit" for the verb. The noun limites stays "limits" (in limitibus apostoli). after a census (13 verb, 5 noun).

prevaricator; prevaricancia

transgressor; transgression. Basali prevaricancia (Dial. 9.24) is doubtful: see its C note.

carecter (sensibilis)

(perceptible) character"reputation". The mark of orders. (Dial. 5.7).

conversacio

manner of life"conversation". (6 sites).

mendicacio; mendicare; mendicitas

begging; to beg; beggaryKept apart; mendicitas is DR's "beggary" (Prov. 30:8)..

penalitas

hardship"penalty"..

gratitudo

kindness (received)"gratitude"..

habere conscienciam super

to be troubled in conscience over (5 sites).

prioritas; majoritas

priority; greatnessPaired with prior / major in the argument (Dial. 12.4–8)..

prevaricari

to transgressThe verb of prevaricator..

servitivus

serviceable.

precipui sacerdotes

leading priestsKept apart from principes sacerdotum, "chief priests"..

intendere (a thesis)

maintainScholastic "hold, argue for": intendimus quod → "we maintain that" (epil-a 86.4, 90.19). "Intend" only for purpose..